Apparatus for making a solid three-dimensional article from a liquid medium

ABSTRACT

A solid three-dimensional article is formed from a liquid medium by initially coating a layer of the liquid medium on a fixedly mounted apertured support plate. An initial cross-section or profile of the article then is formed by solidifying the liquid medium, or at least a portion thereof, on the support plate. In another embodiment, each layer of the liquid medium is formed by dispensing the entire layer from above the fixed support plate. In a further embodiment, a device is disclosed for dispensing a liquid medium in layers of uniform thickness on the medium surface of a laser modeling machine, for solidification when subjected to prescribed energy. The dispenser comprises an elongated applicator or coating bar of rectangular, essentially solid construction, with a liquid medium reservoir and dispensing passageways located adjacent a dispensing side of the bar. A feed tube and traversing mechanism support rods are secured to an opposite side of the bar. The dispensing passageways may be apertures arranged in multiple rows, with the apertures in at least one row offset with respect to the apertures in the other rows, for more uniform dispensing. In the alternative, the passageways may be inclined slots having portions overlapping in a direction extending longitudinally of the bar.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.08/299,879, filed Sep. 1, 1994, now abandoned; which is a continuationof U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/909,528, filed Jun. 30, 1992, nowU.S. Pat. No. 5,358,673; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 07/802,242, filed Dec. 9, 1991, now abandoned, anda continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 07/655,948, filed Feb. 14, 1991, nowabandoned, said Ser. No. 07/802,242 is a continuation-in-part of Ser.No. 07/655,948, as noted above, filed Feb. 14, 1991, now abandoned,which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 07/479,702, filed Feb. 15,1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,071,337.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to an applicator or coating device for dispensinga liquid medium in the forming of a solid three-dimensional articlewherein the liquid medium is capable of solidification when subjected toprescribed energy, and more particularly to a specially configuredapplicator bar for dispensing the liquid medium in relatively thinlayers of uniform thickness for the successive solidification thereof,so as to form the article in a very precise manner.

2. Description of the Prior Art

In general, apparatus for forming a solid three-dimensional article froma liquid medium capable of solidification when subjected to prescribedenergy are known in the prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,755,578to O. J. Munz discloses a system for generating three-dimensionalobjects from a liquid medium by irradiating liquid layers with the aidof a computer programmed irradiation source and a translationalmechanism. Other arrangements of this general type are disclosed in anarticle by H. Kodama, entitled "Automatic Method for Fabricating aThree-Dimensional Plastic Model With Photo-Hardening Polymer," ReviewScientific Instruments, Vol. 52, No. 11, November 1981, pages 1770-1773,and an article by A. J. Herbert, entitled "Solid Object Generation,"Journal of Applied Photographic Engineering 8 (4), August 1982, pages185-188. A similar arrangement is disclosed in reexamined U.S. Pat. No.4,575,330 to C. W. Hull, in which Reexamination Certificate B1 4,575,330was issued on Dec. 19, 1989. Other prior art of interest includes theU.S. Pat. Nos. 2,525,532 to Dreywood, 2,381,234 to Symmes, 3,723,120 toHummel, 3,609,707 to Lewis et al., 4,081,276 to Crivello and 4,252,514to Gates, and the British Patent No. 566,795 to Gates.

However, a need still exists for a method of and apparatus for forming asolid three-dimensional article from a liquid medium in an accurate,rapid and expeditious manner, with a minimum of waste in time andmaterial, and a primary purpose of this invention is to provide such amethod and apparatus.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In general, the subject invention relates to a method of and apparatusfor forming a solid three-dimensional article from a liquid mediumcapable of solidification when subjected to prescribed energy, whereinby way of illustration, a fixed support may be provided in a containerfor holding the liquid medium. A layer of the liquid medium in thecontainer is then produced above the fixed support, and a preselectedcross-section of the layer is solidified by exposing at least a portionof the layer to prescribed energy in accordance with a design for thethree-dimensional article. The liquid medium layer-producing andsolidifying steps are then repeated, as necessary, to form the solidthree-dimensional article. Each layer of the liquid medium is producedeither partially, or entirely, by dispensing the liquid medium fromabove the support.

For example, in one embodiment in accordance with the invention, a firstincremental layer of the liquid medium is initially coated on a support.A preselected cross-section of the first incremental layer of the liquidmedium then is solidified by exposing at least a portion of the layer toprescribed energy, to form a first cross-section of the solidthree-dimensional article. The level of the liquid medium surroundingthe solidified first cross-section then is raised so as to form ameniscus around the periphery of the first cross-section. Next, thesolidified first cross-section is coated with a second incremental layerof the liquid medium, so that the meniscus surrounding the solidifiedcross-section is broken and the second incremental layer of the liquidmedium and the liquid medium surrounding the second cross-section flowtogether. This is followed by solidifying a second preselectedcross-section of the liquid medium by exposing the liquid medium toprescribed energy, to form a second cross-section of the solidthree-dimensional article. Thereafter, the liquid medium level raising,liquid medium coating and liquid medium solidifying operations, arerepeated, as necessary, to complete the three-dimensional article.

In another embodiment in accordance with the invention, each layer ofthe liquid medium is produced above a fixed support in the container forholding the liquid medium, by dispensing the entire layer from above thefixed support in the container, across the entire width of thecontainer. A preselected cross-section of the layer then is solidifiedby exposing at least a portion of the layer to prescribed energy inaccordance with a design for the three-dimensional article. The liquidmedium layer-producing and solidifying steps then are repeated, asnecessary, to form the solid three-dimensional article.

More specifically, the coating of the first incremental layer on thesupport and the subsequent liquid medium coating steps in thealternative embodiment may be performed by spraying or another type ofdispensing operation, while the solidifying steps are performed bylasering, using a laser beam which may be controlled by an RF laser beammodulator. The liquid medium is held in the container, and the supportfor the solid three dimensional article as it is formed is of aperturedconstruction and removably mounted in a fixed position in the container.One type of coating mechanism may be in the form of an elongatedapertured tube, which has aperture-closing pins selectively operated bysolenoids, or which has rows of small dispensing apertures of a sizesuch that the liquid medium flows therefrom only under pressure. Theapertured tube also may be positioned closely adjacent the previouslycoated layer so that the liquid medium is dispensed from the tube in auniform, controlled manner by capillary action and surface tension. Inthe alternative, the coating mechanism may be in the form of an outerelongated cylinder and an inner elongated cylinder mounted in relativelyrotatable coaxial relationship, with each cylinder including anelongated slot, and with a mechanism for causing relative rotationbetween the cylinders to cause relative movement of the elongated slotsbetween a non-aligned closed relationship and an aligned coatingrelationship.

Further, the liquid medium may be fed to the coating mechanism by amechanism for withdrawing liquid medium from a lower portion of thecontainer or a separate lower container, and feeding the liquid mediumto the coating mechanism. The withdrawing-and-feeding mechanism mayinclude a double acting piston in a cylinder and include valves forcontrolling flow of the liquid medium to and from the piston andcylinder, or may be a digital metering pump. The coating mechanism maybe mounted for horizontal reciprocating movement above the support by agear rack or ball screw mechanism and associated drive, or may bemounted for oscillating swinging movement above the support. Raising ofthe liquid level in the container in the first embodiment may beaccomplished by an expandable member, such as a bellows in the bottomportion of the associated container and operable in response to fluidpressure, and the solidifying mechanism and the coating mechanism inboth of the embodiments may be mounted for vertical movement relative tothe article support.

In a further embodiment, the dispensing device comprises an elongatedbar member of essentially solid construction having an elongatedpassageway formed longitudinally therethrough to define a liquid mediumreservoir. A means is located in the bar for receiving the liquid mediumand includes a feed passage extending through the bar into the liquidmedium reservoir, with means being provided at opposite ends of the barfor retaining the liquid medium in the reservoir. Further, dispensingpassageways are formed in the bar and extend from the reservoir to adispensing lower side thereof, and means are provided at opposite endsof the bar for supporting it on a traversing mechanism.

More specifically, the elongated bar member can preferably be ofrectangular construction with the liquid medium reservoir locatedadjacent the dispensing lower side of the bar and the feedtube-receiving means and the device support means located adjacent anopposite upper side of the bar. The dispensing passageways may becylindrical apertures arranged in the bar in longitudinally extendingrows, with the exit opening of the apertures in at least one row offsetlongitudinally with respect to the exit openings of the apertures in asecond row. At least three rows of dispensing apertures are preferablyprovided, with the offset row of dispensing apertures being a centerrow, or with each of the rows offset with respect to one another. Thedispensing passageways also may be in the form of elongated slotsinclined with respect to the longitudinal axis of the dispensing bar,with portions of adjacent slots overlapping in the direction of the barlongitudinal axis. The liquid medium retaining means at the oppositeends of the liquid medium reservoir may be in the form of screw-threadedplug members, with the support means at opposite ends of the barcomprising screw-threaded support rod-retaining members, with thesupport means at opposite ends of the bar comprising screw-threadedsupport rod-retaining members, and the bar may be formed of a suitablemetal, such as stainless steel.

When dispensing the medium from the applicator it is important tomaintain the exit openings of the dispensing passageways a prescribeddistance from the medium surface in the container. This distance isdetermined by capillary action and surface tension of the liquid mediumsuch that a continuous curtain of liquid is continuously maintainedbetween the bottom of the applicator and the medium surface in thecontainer or vat.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an isometric, schematic view of a first embodiment of anapparatus for forming a solid three-dimensional article from a liquidmedium in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 2 is a plan view of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1, with certainparts omitted or partially broken away;

FIG. 3 is an enlarged isometric view of a coating mechanism of theapparatus shown in FIG. 1, for applying successive coatings of theliquid medium in the forming of the solid three-dimensional article;

FIG. 4 is an isometric view, similar to FIG. 1, showing an alternateform of coating mechanism to that shown in FIGS. 1-3;

FIG. 5A is an enlarged, schematic, partial view of an apertured spraytube-type coating mechanism as shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view taken along the lines 58--58 in FIG.5A;

FIG. 5C is an enlarged, schematic, partial view of an alternate spraytube construction;

FIG. 5D is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 5D--5D in FIG.5C;

FIG. 6 is an enlarged, schematic, partial view of a slot-type coatingmechanism;

FIGS. 7A and 7B are schematic cross-sectional views taken along the line7--7 in FIG. 6 showing different operating conditions;

FIGS. 8 through 13 are elevational schematic views illustrating asequence of steps in the forming of the solid three dimensional article,in accordance with the first embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 14 is a block diagram further illustrating the sequence of stepsshown in FIGS. 8 through 13;

FIG. 15 is a schematic illustration of an optics system which may beused in practicing the invention;

FIG. 16 is a block diagram of a system for carrying out the invention;

FIG. 17 is a flow chart illustrating a sequence of programming stepsutilized in carrying out the first embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 18A and 18B are isometric views of solid three-dimensionalarticles illustrating various types of shapes which may be formedutilizing the subject invention;

FIG. 19 is a schematic front elevational view of a second embodiment ofthe invention;

FIGS. 20 through 24 are elevational schematic views similar to FIG. 19,illustrating a sequence of steps in the forming of a solidthree-dimensional article, in accordance with the second embodiment ofthe invention, but with a vertical central portion of the apparatusturned 90° and shown as viewed along the line 20--20 in FIG. 19;

FIG. 25 is an isometric view of a modified type of liquid medium coatingmechanism which may be used in the second embodiment of the inventionshown in FIGS. 19-24;

FIG. 26 is a view of the bottom of a liquid medium dispensing tube ofthe coating mechanism shown in FIG. 25, as seen along the line 26--26;

FIG. 27 is an enlarged schematic view illustrating a mode of operationof the liquid medium dispensing tube of the coating mechanism shown inFIGS. 25 and 26;

FIG. 28 is a schematic view illustrating the path of a laser beam insolidifying a cross-sectional layer of the liquid medium;

FIGS. 29A and 29B are elevational views of articles each having adownwardly facing surface, illustrating a laser beam offset feature ofthe invention;

FIGS. 30A, 30B, 30C and 30D are schematic views illustrating an articlecurved surface interpolation feature of the invention;

FIG. 31 is an isometric, schematic view of a liquid applicator ordispensing device in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 32 is an exploded, elevational view of the dispensing device shownin FIG. 31;

FIG. 33 is a bottom view of the dispensing device, as seen along theline 3--3 in FIG. 32;

FIG. 34 is an enlarged view of a portion of the bottom of the dispensingdevice shown in FIG. 33, as seen along the line 4--4 in FIG. 32;

FIG. 35 is an enlarged schematic, cross-sectional view, takenessentially along the line 5--5 in FIG. 32, illustrating a mode ofoperation of the liquid dispensing device shown in FIGS. 31-34;

FIG. 36 is a view similar to FIG. 34, illustrating a second embodimentof the invention; and

FIG. 37 is a view similar to FIGS. 34 and 36, illustrating a thirdembodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Referring to the embodiment of the invention shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, anapparatus 20 in accordance with the invention, for forming solidthree-dimensional articles or parts, such as a turbine blade 22a, asillustrated in FIG. 18A, or a jet fuel swirler 22b, as illustrated inFIG. 18b, is disclosed. The apparatus 20 includes a container or tank24, having a lower sump portion 25 (FIG. 1), for holding a liquid medium26. The container 24 includes horizontally disposed apertured supportplate member 28, for supporting the article 22 being formed during aforming operation. The support plate member 28 is removably mounted(through a door, not shown) in the container 24 in a fixed positionagainst vertical movement, at an intermediate level, such as by havingperipheral edge portions received in slotted guide members 30 (FIG. 1)fixed to the container interior walls. The apparatus 20 further includesa vertically movable energy scanning mechanism or system 32 forsolidifying successive preselected cross-sections of the liquid medium26, to form one of the articles 22. A liquid medium coating mechanism 34and a liquid medium level sensor 36 (FIG. 1) of a laser beam-emittingtype, which is responsive to reflected laser light from the surface ofthe liquid medium 26, are mounted on the vertically movable scanningmechanism 32. As is shown in FIG. 1, a liquid medium level raisingmechanism 38 is provided in the bottom of the container 24, and a liquidmedium withdrawal-and-feeding mechanism 40 also is provided adjacent thelower end of the container exteriorly thereof.

The vertically movable scanning mechanism 32 comprises a horizontalsupport plate 42 which is connected to a vertical traversing mechanism44, such as a screw-threaded member 46 driven vertically by a reversiblemotor 48, for raising and lowering the scanning mechanism. A source ofenergy, such as a laser 50, a laser beam focusing optics system 52 and ascanner head 54, for directing the laser beam energy to solidifysuccessive layers of the liquid medium 26, are all also mounted on thesupport plate 42 in a suitable manner. The horizontally disposed supportplate 42 has an opening 42 formed therein beneath the scanner head 54,and is provided on its underside with a shutter 56 which is movable toan open position for a scanning operation, and movable to a closedposition during the liquid medium coating operation, to preventextraneous liquid medium from contaminating the optics system 52. Forexample, the shutter 56 may be secured to one end of a pivoted lever(not shown) pivotably connected at its opposite end to a solenoid (notshown) mounted beneath the support plate 42.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the liquid medium coating mechanism 34 maycomprise a sub-frame 58 suspended beneath the horizontal plate 42. Thesub-frame 58 includes a plurality of depending vertical legs 60 at eachcorner of the support plate 42, and horizontally disposed gear racks 62and respective opposed guide members 63 connected between lower ends ofrespective ones of the vertical legs. The coating mechanism 34 furtherincludes a coating carriage 64 of rectangular rigid construction,comprising opposite end plates 66, a drive shaft-enclosing tube 68defining one longitudinal side of the carriage, and a liquid mediumdispensing mechanism in the form of a spray tube 70 defining theopposite longitudinal side. The carriage 64 extends between the gearracks 62 and guide members 63 and further includes a drive shaft 72journaled in the end plates 66 and having drive pinion gears 74 fixedthereto adjacent its opposite ends. The pinion gears 74 are disposedbetween respective ones of the opposed gear racks 62 and guide members63, which thus guide the coating carriage 64 for horizontal movementtherebetween. An idler pinion gear 76 (best shown in FIGS. 2 and 3) isrotatably mounted on a stub shaft 78 projecting from each end plate 66and also is disposed between the adjacent gear racks 62 and guidemembers 63, to maintain the coating carriage 64 against rotation aboutthe drive shaft 72, during the horizontal movement of the spray tube 70.The liquid medium 26 is fed into the spray tube 70 via a flexible line80.

As is best shown in FIG. 3, an extended portion of the drive shaft 72has a drive pulley 82 fixed thereto and connected by a timing belt 84 toa pulley 86 secured to a drive shaft 86 of a small reversible motor 90mounted for sliding movement on a dovetail guide 92 secured to theunderside of the horizontally disposed support plate 42. The drive shaft88 of the motor 90 also has a pinion gear 94 secured thereon andengageable with a horizontally disposed gear rack 96 extending betweenand fixedly connected to adjacent ones of the vertical legs 60 below thehorizontal plate member 42. Accordingly, during a liquid medium coatingoperation, rotation of the motor 90 causes it to drive itself along itsguide 92 by engagement of its drive pinion gear 94 with the gear rack96, while at the same time, causing the coating carriage 64 to be drivenalong the lower gear racks 62 by means of the timing belt 84, and thepulley 82 and pinion gears 74 on the coating carriage 64.

FIG. 4 discloses an alternative embodiment of the coating mechanism ofthe invention in which a cylindrical spray tube 70' off a coatingmechanism 34' is mounted beneath a horizontal support plate 42' by apendulum-type oscillating mounting 98. In this embodiment, opposite endsof the spray tube 70' are secured to a pair of horizontally spacedvertically depending legs 100 secured at their upper ends to ahorizontal rotatable shaft 102 mounted in suitable bearings 104 securedto the underside of the horizontal support plate 42'. The rotatableshaft 102 forms a drive shaft of a small reversible motor 106 fixedlymounted on the underside of the horizontal support plate 42'. Thus, byoperating the motor 106 through a preselected angle, such as 40°, thespray tube 70' can be moved along an arc for spraying liquid medium 26toward an apertured article support plate (not shown in FIG. 4) in aliquid medium-coating operation.

As is illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B, each of the spray tubes 70 or 70'may include a row of spraying apertures 108 extending along a lowerportion thereof, with the liquid medium flexible inlet tube 80 connectedto the spray tube adjacent one end thereof. In the alternative,referring to FIGS. 6, 7A and 7B, each of the spray tubes 70 or 70' maybe in the form of a cylinder assembly 110 comprising an outer cylinder112 provided with an elongated slot 114, and an inner cylinder 116 alsoprovided with an elongated slot 118. The inner cylinder 116 is rotatablerelative to the outer cylinder 112 between a position in which theelongated slots 114 and 118 in the cylinders are aligned, as shown inFIG. 7A, for a spraying operation, and a relative position in which theslots are in a non-aligned closed position, as shown in FIG. 7B. Forthis purpose, a small solenoid 120 is fixedly mounted on the outercylinder 112 and has an arc-shaped plunger 122 pivotally connected to anouter end of a lug 124 secured at its inner end to the inner cylinder116, with the lug disposed for limited circumferential movement in acircumferentially extending slot 126 in the outer cylinder.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the liquid medium 26 for a liquid mediumcoating operation is provided to the spray tube 70 by the liquid mediumwithdrawing-and-feeding mechanism 40. For this purpose, as isillustrated by the spray tube inlet line 80, the inlet line is connectedto a manifold 128, in turn connected by feed lines 130 and 131 andrespective control valves 132 and 134 to a double actingpiston-and-cylinder mechanism 136. A cylinder 138 of the double actingpiston-and-cylinder mechanism 136 is connected by additional feed lines140, through control valves 142 and 144, to the liquid medium sumpportion 25 adjacent the bottom of the liquid medium container 24. Adouble acting piston 146 of the piston-and-cylinder mechanism 136 isreciprocated by a solenoid 148, so that, upon selective operation of thevalves 132, 134, 142 and 144, when the piston is moved in one direction(e.g., to the left in FIG. 1) with the valves 132 and 144 open and thevalves 134 and 142 closed, the liquid medium 26 in the cylinder 138 willbe forced from the cylinder through the valve 132, the feed line 131,the manifold 128 and the inlet tube 80 to the spray tube 70. At the sametime, with the valve 144 open and the valve 134 closed, additionalliquid medium 26 will be withdrawn from the sump portion of thecontainer 24 into the opposite end of the cylinder 138. Then, upon anext liquid medium coating operation, when the solenoid 148 is operatedto move the piston 136 in the opposite direction (i.e., to the right inFIG. 1), with the valves 134 and 142 open and the valves 132 and 144closed, the liquid medium 26 which was withdrawn into the cylinder 138on the previous coating operation, will be fed from the cylinder throughthe valve 134, the feed line 130, the manifold 128 and the inlet tube80, to the spray tube 70.

With further reference to FIG. 1, the liquid level raising mechanism 38comprises an expandable member, such as a bellows 150, disposed in thebottom of the liquid medium container 24. One end of the bellows 150 isconnected by an inlet line 152 extending through a lower wall portion ofthe container 24, and a control valve 154, to a fluid pressure source,such as air or water, not shown. Accordingly, when the control valve 154is opened, the bellows 150 is expanded by the fluid pressure anincremental amount in order to raise the level of the liquid medium 26in the container 24 a corresponding incremental amount (e.g., 0.0017" to0.020") above the upper surface of the apertured article support plate28 in the container for an article layer forming operation. For thispurpose, the liquid medium level sensor 36 on the vertically movablescanning mechanism 32, operates when the desired liquid mediumincremental level above the surface of the support plate 28 has beenreached, to cause closing of the bellows control valve 154. Thisexpansion of the bellows 150 is repeated for subsequent article layerforming operations until forming of the article 22 has been completedand the upper surface of the bellows has reached an upper level. A drainline 156 with a valve 158, which also is connected to the bellows 150,then may be opened to drain the expansion fluid therefrom, whereupon thebellows returns to its original un-expanded condition, as shown in solidlines in FIG. 1, and the liquid medium 26 in the container 24 isreturned to its original lower position. During this liquid levelreturning operation, any extraneous solidified material in thearticle-forming upper portion of the container 24 is removed by a filter160 disposed in a horizontal plate 162 secured to the interior walls ofthe container.

FIGS. 8-13 are schematic illustrations depicting a series of steps incarrying out the method of the invention, and FIG. 14 is a block diagramsummarizing the steps illustrated in FIGS. 8-13. With reference to FIG.8, initially, a first layer 164 of the liquid medium 26 is applied tothe apertured fixed support plate 28 in the container 24 from above thefixed support plate, by way of example, by spraying from thespray-coating tube 70. Referring to FIG. 9, a preselected cross-sectionor profile 166 of the initial liquid medium layer 164, in accordancewith a design of the solid three-dimensional article being formed, thenis solidified by the scanner head 54 applying the laser beam energy fromthe laser 50 to the liquid medium layer under the direction of acomputer 168 (FIG. 16). After the preselected cross-section 166 of theliquid medium layer 164 has been solidified, the scanning mechanism 32,including the scanner head 54-coating mechanism 34, is moved verticallyan increment corresponding to the thickness of the next layer to besolidified, (e.g., 0.0017" to 0.020") as illustrated by the phantom linein FIG. 9.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 10, the fluid inlet valve 154 (FIG. 1) to thebellows 150 then is opened under the direction of the computer 168, tocause an initial incremental expansion of the bellows, to raise thelevel of the liquid medium 26 in the container 24 upward through theapertures in the article support plate 28, the preselected increment(e.g., 0.0017" to 0.020") above the previously solidified articlecross-section 166, so that the surface tension of the thus-formedelevated layer 170 of the liquid medium 26 forms a meniscus 172 aroundthe perimeter of the previously solidified article cross-section,without the liquid medium flowing over the upper surface of thesolidified cross-section. Referring to FIG. 11, the upper surface of theinitial solidified cross-section 166 of the article then is spray-coatedby the spray tube 70 from above the fixed support 28 in the container24, to fill the recess formed by the meniscus 172 above the uppersurface of the solidified article cross-section, with an additionallayer 174 of the liquid medium 26. The spraying operation causes themeniscus 172 surrounding the article cross-section 166 to break, wherebythe layers 170 and 174 of liquid medium 26 merge, as illustrated in FIG.12, thus completing the raising of the liquid level in the container 24by a one-layer increment. With reference to FIG. 13, the scanner head 54then is again operated to solidify another preselected cross-section orprofile 176 of the article 22 being formed, under the direction of thecomputer 168, to form the next layer of the article. The liquid mediumlevel raising step, liquid medium coating-and-meniscus breaking step,liquid medium solidifying step and scanner head-coating mechanismraising step, as represented by the steps 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, and depictedin FIGS. 10, 11, 12 and 13, then are repeated, as necessary, untilformation of the article 22 is completed.

In coating each of the solidified layers 166 and 176 of the liquidmedium 26, it has been found that overspray of the liquid medium beyondthe meniscus 172 onto the existing liquid medium, generally does notappear to produce a significant tolerance error in the finished article22. While the reasons for this are not fully understood, it is believedto be due, at least in part, to the thinness of the liquid medium layers166 and 176 involved. However, where tolerance variations are found tobe a problem in any particular instance, a modified spray tube, as shownin FIGS. 5C and 5D may be used. In this embodiment, each spray aperture108 is provided with a separate control pin 177 operated by a solenoid178. Thus, by programming the computer 168 to control the solenoids 178so that the spray tube 70 or 70' begins spraying only at one extreme endportion of a meniscus, sprays only those areas within the confines ofthe meniscus during travel of the spray tube, and stops spraying at anopposite extreme end portion of the meniscus, closer tolerances can beobtained. The coating tube 70 or 70' of FIGS. 6, 7A and 7B may be usedin a similar manner by dividing the inner cylinder 116 into relativelymovable sections and providing each section with a respective controlsolenoid 120.

FIG. 15 discloses an optic system 178 which may be used in practicingthe invention. The laser is beam of the laser 50 is directed through anRF acousto-optic beam modulator 180 in the form of a rotatablepiezoelectric crystal which splits the beam into several orders ofmagnitude and which can be used as a beam shutter in a known manner.More specifically, when the modulator 180 is de-energized, the laserbeam of the laser 50, which may pass from the modulator through asuitable bending mirror (not shown), strikes a portion of a blockingmember 184 in a manner not illustrated. When the modulator 180 then isenergized by an RF signal from an RF generator (not shown), the crystalsplits the beam into several orders of magnitude, the zero, second andthird orders of which still strike the blocking member 184, asillustrated in FIG. 15. However, having an intensity on the order of 85%of the laser output, then passes through an aperture 182 in the blockingmember 184 to a series of three (or more) bending mirrors 186, 188 and190, and through an adjustably movable Z-axis correction focusing lens192 on a reciprocal carriage 194, and an objective lens 196, to X and Yscanning mirrors 198 of the scanner head 54, which direct the beam sothat it scans across the layer of liquid medium to be solidified. Forthis purpose, the correction lens 192 is focused so that a preselecteddiameter of the laser beam impinges upon the liquid medium layer, andthe computer 168 is programmed to vary the position off the carriage194, and thus the focusing lens 192, by a suitable servosystem (axismotor/encoder) 200, "on the fly", during the solidification operation,so that the impinging diameter of the laser beam remains constant as thebeam is directed toward the liquid medium at a direction other thanperpendicular, as for example, disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,797,749 and4,816,920 of O. R. Paulsen, and assigned to General Scanning, Inc., ofWatertown Mass.

Referring to the block diagram of FIG. 16, it is seen that apparatus forpracticing the invention includes a CAD station 202 which is connectedby an ETHERNET network to the control computer 168 in a known manner.The computer 168 is connected through a scanner controller 204 to ascanner head access system 206 including an axis motor/encoder 208, theZ-axis galvanometer 192, the X and Y mirrors 198 of the scanner head 54,and the focusing assembly 194. The computer 168 is also connected to theapplicator motor/encoder 90, for the liquid medium applicator (coatermechanism) 34, through a motor/encoder interface 210 having a 3-axismotor driver 211 connected thereto, and is also connected to the focusservosystem (axis motor/encoder) 200, and scanner axis motor/encoder208. The solenoid valve 154 for controlling fluid input to the bellows150, and the drain valve 158 for the bellows, also are controlled by thecomputer 168 through a computer I/O interface 212, with safetyinterlocks 214 (e.g., open door, etc.) also connected to the computer168 through the computer I/O interface.

With further reference to FIG. 16, the laser 50 is connected to anassociated power supply 216, in turn connected to a control panel 218 ina known manner. The beam of the laser 50 is directed therefrom to thebeam modulator 180 having a linear and rotary micrometer adjustmentsystem 219 and a mechanical safety shutter 220. The micrometeradjustment system 219 of the beam modulator 180 is utilized to selectand direct the first order portion of the laser beam to the firstbending mirror 186, as shown in FIG. 15 and previously described, fromwhich the laser beam passes to the second and third bending mirrors 188and 190, and then to the Z-axis galvanometer 192 of the focusingassembly 194, and to the scanner head X, Y mirrors 198 for a scanning(liquid medium solidifying) operation. The laser beam modulator 180 alsois connected to a modulator amplifier 222 which receives signals fromthe scanner controller 204.

The control equipment as disclosed in FIG. 16 is of a type which isgenerally known in the art. For example, the computer 168 may be themodel "Smart Micro 386/120" or "SMART MICRO 486/120" available fromMicrosmart, Inc. of Ashland, Mass. The CAD station 202, SPARKSTATION®may be obtained from Sun Microsystems of Mountain View Calif., andsoftware may be obtained from Structure Dynamics Research Corporation ofCincinnati, Ohio as their "Ideas for Design". Similarly, the laser 50may be the 5 watt argon-ion laser sold by Coherent, Inc. of MountainView, Calif. as their model "I-70" (a visible light laser); the scannerhead 54 may be obtained from General Scanning, Inc. of Watertown, Mass.;the laser sensor 36, "LASERNET®," may be that sold by Namco Controls ofMentor, Ohio; and the RF beam modulator 189 may be the Model No.N30085-30 available from Newport Electro-Optics Systems of Melbourne,Fla.

The liquid medium 26 may be of any suitable type capable of beingsolidified when subjected to energy, such as a laser beam. For example,the liquid medium may be a UV polymer acrolite thermoset photosensitiveplastic resin, such as "DESOLITE®," available from DSM Desotech, Inc.(formerly DeSoto, Inc.) of Chicago, Ill., or a suitable ceramic liquid.However, it has been found preferable to use as the liquid medium apolymer resin sensitive to visible laser light (e.g., 400 to 700 nm),which is also available from DSM Desotech Inc. as their compositionNo.4057-16. The use of a visible light photohardenable polymer incombination with a visible light laser provides significant advantagesover other systems, for example, employing a UV light laser. The reasonfor this is believed to be that visible light lasers generally providemore energy and thus are able to achieve better solidification anddefinition in the hardened layer, more quickly. Other suitablematerials, however, may also be apparent to those skilled in the art.

FIG. 17 is a flow chart of a sequence of operations of the apparatus 20in accordance with the invention, in the forming of a solidthree-dimensional article 22 from the liquid medium 26. At the beginningof a forming operation, the apparatus 20 proceeds through aninitialization sequence, in which the computer 168 determines thethen-existing position settings of the various units of the apparatus,applies power to all units, returns the units to their "home" positions,and calibrates the scanner system 32. (In the alternative, the units maybe returned to their "home" positions manually by operation of a key ona keyboard (not shown) of the computer 168.) The computer 168 thendisplays the various available menu options and the operator selects oneof the options. If the input option is not automatic, the operator thenexecutes the desired manual command, such as "jog the scanner head up",whereupon, unless the command is an "exit" command, the computer 168displays another input option for selection by the operator. If thecommand is an "exit" command, the computer 168 stores the positions ofthe various units of the system for the next operation, and theapparatus 20 is turned off.

If the input option selected by the operator is automatic, the computer168 enters an automatic file name (g., the name of an article 22 to beformed) for processing. If the next cross-section or profile of thearticle 22 to be formed is other than the last cross-section, that is,the end of the file, the computer 168 then inputs information for thecross-section to be formed, and transfers the data to the scanningsystem 32. If a layer of the liquid medium 26 has been coated in asolidifying operation, the safety shutter 56 beneath the horizontalplate of scanning system 32 is opened and the cross-section of thearticle to be formed is scanned and solidified by the scanning system.After solidification of the cross-section has been completed and thesafety shutter 56 has been closed, the scanning system 32 is raised oneincrement by the lift mechanism 44, and the bellows 150 is operated toexpand an additional increment to raise the liquid medium level adesired amount, as sensed by the liquid medium level sensor 36, to forma meniscus 172 around the just-solidified profile as illustrated in FIG.10. If the liquid medium level sensor 36 does not operate, the bellows150 is again operated an additional increment until operation of theliquid medium sensor occurs. The status of the forming operation, i.e.,that the cross-section has been formed and that the system is ready toform the next cross-section, then is recorded in the computer 168, andthe sequence of operations is repeated.

However, if the computer 168 determines that the last sequence ofoperations was the last cross-section for the article 22 being formed,i.e., the end of the file, the scanner system 32 is raised upward to itsupper "home" position by the lift mechanism 44, and the drain valve 158of the bellows 150 is opened by the computer 168 to permit the liquidmedium 26 in the container 24 to be lowered to its "home" position, topermit access to the completed article 22 and removal thereof from theapertured support plate 28 in the container 24, as well as removaland/or cleaning of the support plate for the next article formingoperation. The removed article 22, while of relatively rigidconstruction, then is subjected to final curing under one or more lampsat a postcuring station, not shown, in a known manner.

Referring to FIGS. 19-24, the structure and operation of the secondembodiment of the invention is similar in part to that of the firstembodiment of the invention as illustrated in FIGS. 1-14. However, inthis more preferred second embodiment, a first liquid medium layer 164"(FIGS. 20-22), and subsequent liquid medium layer 170", 174" (FIG. 22),are each formed above an apertured fixed support plate member 28"entirely from above the fixed support and across the entire width of acontainer 24". The layers are formed from above by a liquid mediumcoating or dispensing mechanism 34".

With further reference to FIG. 19, an apparatus 20" includes avertically movable energy scanning mechanism or system 32" forsolidifying successive preselected cross-sections of a liquid medium26", to form an article 22" (shown in FIG. 24), and the liquid mediumcoating mechanism 34" is mounted on the vertically movable scanningmechanism. A liquid medium metering device 40" is provided adjacent thebottom of a lower liquid medium storage container 25" (which correspondsto the liquid medium container sump portion 25 of the single container24 in the first embodiment of the invention). The metering device 40"may be in the form of the withdrawal-and-feeding mechanism 40 of thefirst embodiment of the invention and comprising parts corresponding tothe parts 128-148 thereof, but preferably is a digital metering pump,such as that available from IVEK® of Springfield, Vermont as their"DIGISPENCE" Pump No. 130.8.

The vertically movable scanning mechanism 32" comprises a horizontalsupport plate 42" which is connected to a vertical traversing mechanism(not shown in FIGS. 19-24), such as the mechanism 44 in FIG. 1, forraising and lowering the scanning mechanism. Similarly, as is shown inFIG. 19, a source of energy, such as a laser 50", a laser beam focusingoptic system 52" and a scanner head 54", for directing the laser beamenergy to solidify successive layers of the liquid medium 26", are alsomounted on the support plate 42" in a suitable manner, as in the firstembodiment of the invention.

In general, the liquid medium coating mechanism 34" may comprise asub-frame 58" mounted beneath the horizontal support plate 42", with aliquid medium spray or dispensing tube 70" mounted on the subframe andextending across the width of the container 24", as shown in FIG. 19.The dispensing tube 70" is supported on the subframe 58" forreciprocable traversing movement from adjacent one side of the container24" to the other, as illustrated in FIGS. 20 and 22, for forming thesequential layers of the liquid medium in the container above the fixedsupport 28". The liquid medium 26" is fed into the dispensing tube 70"by the resin metering device 40", from the lower liquid medium storagecontainer 25" via a flexible line 80".

With further reference to FIG. 19, as in the first embodiment of theinvention, the laser beam from the laser 50" passes through a beammodulator 180", which may be used in conjunction with a blocking member184", as a shutter, as previously described. Thus, when the beammodulator 180" is energized (by an RF signal from an RF generator, notshown), a first order portion of the laser beam passes to bendingmirrors 186" and 188", and then to a bending mirror 190" of the scanningmechanism 32". Within the scanning mechanism 32", the laser beam thenpasses through an adjustably movable 2-axis correction focusing lens192" on a reciprocal carriage 194", with the focusing lens and carriagebeing moved by a suitable servosystem 200", "on the fly", during asolidification operation, so that the impinging diameter of the laserbeam remains constant as the beam is directed toward a layer of theliquid medium 26" at a direction other than perpendicular. The laserbeam then passes through an objective lens 196", to X and Y scanningmirrors 198" of the scanner head 54", which direct the beam so that itis traversed across the layer of liquid medium 26" to be solidified.

Referring now to FIG. 20, this figure shows the central portion of theapparatus 20" turned 90° from the showing in FIG. 19, so that the frontof the apparatus is at the left and the back of the apparatus is at theright in this figure. At the beginning of a laser modeling operation, asufficient amount of the liquid medium 26" is withdrawn from thecontainer 25" and introduced, via the flexible line 80" and thedispensing tube 70", into the container 24" to fill the lower portion ofthe container and the apertures in the fixed support plate 28" up to thetop of the support plate. Preferably, the liquid medium 26" isintroduced, for example, at the center and adjacent opposite ends of thedispensing tube 70", for more uniform liquid medium distribution.

As viewed in FIG. 20, the elongated dispensing tube 70" then istraversed from the left-hand side (front) of the container 24", to theright-hand side (back) of the container, as illustrated by thehorizontal arrows, while the resin metering device 40" feeds apreselected amount of the liquid medium 26" from the storage container25", to form a first liquid medium layer 164" (thickness exaggerated forpurposes of illustration) above the fixed support plate 28". As viewedin FIG. 21, with the dispensing tube 70" then stopped adjacent the backof the container 24" a preselected cross-section of the initial layer164" is solidified by the laser beam from the laser 50" (shown only inFIG. 19).

As is illustrated in FIG. 22 by the vertical arrow, the support plate42" then is raised vertically so that the parts mounted thereon,comprising the laser 50" (FIG. 19), scanning mechanism 32" and coatingmechanism 34", including the dispensing tube 70" are raised a one layerincrement for a next liquid medium dispensing-and-solidifying operation.

Next, referring to FIG. 23, the dispensing tube 70" is traversed fromthe back of the container 24", in a reverse direction (to the left inthis figure) to its initial front position, while the resin meteringdevice 40" again delivers a preselected amount of the liquid medium 26"to the dispensing tube, to form a second liquid medium layer 170", 174"(thickness also exaggerated for purposes of illustration) above theinitial layer 164" and over the first-solidified article cross-section166". With the dispensing tube 70" then located adjacent the front ofthe container 24", as shown in FIG. 23, a preselected cross-section ofthe second layer 170", 174" then is solidified by the laser beam aspreviously described. This procedure, of alternately dispensing a layerof the liquid medium 26" from the dispensing tube 70", solidifying apreselected cross-section of each layer by the laser beam, and raisingthe scanning mechanism 32" and coating mechanism 34", including thedispensing tube and other associated structure, then is repeated, untilthe article 22" has been completed, as illustrated in FIG. 24. Theliquid medium 26" then may be drained from the container 24" by a pump(or valve) 158" into the lower liquid medium storage container 25", andthe article 22" removed. In other respects, the apparatus functionsessentially as shown in FIG. 17 for the first embodiment of theinvention, except that a determination that the level of the liquidmedium is incorrect results in operation of the coating mechanism 34",rather than the bellows 150.

The liquid medium coating mechanism 34" may be of essentially the sameconstruction as the liquid medium coating mechanism 34 shown in FIGS.1-3 of the first embodiment of the invention, but preferably is of themodified type as disclosed in FIGS. 25-27. FIGS. 25-27 disclose a liquidmedium coating mechanism 34'" which comprises a rectangular subframe58'" and an apertured liquid medium coating or dispensing tube 70'"having a flexible feed line 80'" connected to a central portion andopposite end portions thereof. The dispensing tube 70'" is securedadjacent opposite ends to lower ends of vertically extending supportrods 222 secured at upper ends to respective driven slide blocks 224.The slide blocks 224 are supported for sliding movement on horizontallydisposed slide rods 226 having opposite ends fixedly mounted inrespective ones of a pair of opposite walls of the subframe 58'". Theslide blocks 226 are driven by a twin linear ball screw drive mechanism228 comprising a pair of rotatable drive screws 230 which are threadablyreceived in associated ball screw members 232 mounted in respective onesof the slide blocks, with opposed ends of the drive screws journaled inthe opposed walls of the subframe 58'". A projecting portion of eachdrive screw 230 has a drive pulley 82'" fixedly mounted thereon anddrivingly connected by a belt 84'" to a drive pulley 86'" on a shaft ofa small reversible drive motor 90'" mounted on a projecting portion ofthe subframe 58'".

Referring to FIGS. 26 and 27, the bottom of the liquid medium dispensingtube 70'" includes a plurality of small apertures 108'" through whichthe liquid medium 26'" (shown only in FIG. 27) is forced under pressure,such as by the liquid medium metering device 40" of FIGS. 19-24, in theforming of a layer of the liquid medium. The size of the apertures 108'"is such that when pressure exerted by the liquid medium metering device40" is interrupted, as previously described, the flow of the liquidmedium 26'" through the apertures also is automatically interrupted,thus eliminating the need for any solenoid-operated shut-off mechanismsas previously described and shown in FIGS. 5C and 5D. By way of example,while the number and size of the apertures 108'" may vary depending onother process variables, such as the thickness of the layer to beformed, and the viscosity of the liquid medium 26'", in general,favorable results have been achieved in the forming of a liquid mediumlayer in the abovementioned range on the order of 0.0017" to 0.020"thick, using three rows of apertures spaced apart in a range on theorder of 0.05" to 0.065", with the apertures in each row spaced apart ina range on the order of 0.090" to 0.105", and with an aperture size in arange on the order of 0.010" to 0.20".

FIG. 27 illustrates the use of the liquid medium dispensing tube 70'" ofFIGS. 25 and 26 in the forming of a layer 170'", 174'" of the liquidmedium 26'". For this purpose, the dispensing tube 70'" is located abovea previously formed liquid medium layer 164'" a distance D slightlygreater than the thickness of the layer 170'", 174'" being formed, sothat the liquid medium 26'" is dispensed in a uniform, controlled manneras a result of capillary action and the surface tension of the liquidmedium, as the liquid medium is dispensed onto the previous layer. Morespecifically, with the dispensing tube 70'" disclosed, the liquid medium26'" is dispensed in the form of three rows of capillary columns to forma series of three sublayers of essentially uniform thickness, with thesurface tension of the sublayers becoming broken as the sublayers engageone another, to form the unitary liquid medium layer 170'", 174'" to thedesired thickness. While the distance D between the bottom of thedispensing tube 70'" and the previously formed layer 164'" may varydepending upon other process variables, such as the thickness of thelayer 170'", 174'" being formed, for a layer thickness in theabovementioned range of 0.0017" to 0.020", favorable results have beenachieved with the distance D in a range on the order of 0.025" to0.035".

FIG. 28 is a schematic diagram illustrating a path which may betravelled by a laser beam LB in the solidification of the cross-sectionof a liquid medium layer L. In this instance, the layer L is illustratedas being of a cylindrical configuration, having an outer periphery OPand an inner periphery IP. To define the outer periphery OP of the layerL, the laser beam LB is directed so that the center of the beam travelsalong a circular path indicated by a broken line P1 spaced radiallyinward a distance equal to one-half the beam diameter. Similarly, theinner periphery IP of the layer L is defined by directing the laser beamLB so that the center of the beam travels along a circular pathdesignated by a broken line P2 spaced radially outward from the innerperiphery IP a distance equal to one-half the beam diameter. Theremaining portion of the layer L is solidified by traversing the laserbeam LB back and forth across the layer, as illustrated by solid linesP3, with each path of the laser beam overlapping a previous path, suchas by one-half of the beam diameter. At the same time, the travel of thelaser beam LB in either direction is terminated short of the outer andinner peripheries OP and IP of the layer L, such as by one-half the beamdiameter, so that the traversing laser beam does not touch either theouter or inner periphery, so as to cause irregularities therein.

Further, in solidifying successive alternate ones of the liquid mediumlayers, the laser beam LB preferably is traversed in directionsperpendicular to the paths P3 for the layer L to form a more uniformarticle structure. The layer periphery-defining paths P1 and P2 of thelaser beam LB, and the layer inner portion-defining traversing paths P3of the laser beam, also may be accomplished in any order, but preferablythe outer and inner peripheries OP and IP of the layer L are definedafter the layer inner portion traversing paths P3 have been completed.If desired, the size of the laser beam LB also may reduced in diameterfor the purpose of defining the outer and inner peripheries OP and IP ofthe layer L.

FIGS. 29A and 29B illustrate a laser beam-offset mode of operation inaccordance with the invention, wherein an article being formed includesa downwardly facing surface. For example, FIG. 29A illustrates aninverted L-shaped article A on an apertured fixed support plate P,having a vertically extending portion V and a laterally projectingcantilevered portion C at its upper end, with the cantilevered portionhaving a downwardly facing surface S. Thus, if in the initial forming ofthe cantilevered portion C, a laser beam LB is directed at a surface ofa liquid medium (not shown) corresponding to the downwardly facingsurface S, the laser beam actually will penetrate the liquid medium to alevel below the surface a distance d as indicated by a broken line L1,thereby causing an error in the configuration of the formed article A.Accordingly, in forming the surface S of the article cantileveredportion C, the laser beam LB is programmed so that it is not directedacross the liquid medium above the surface until the level of the liquidmedium is at a corresponding distance d above the level of the surface,as indicated by the broken line L2.

Similarly, FIG. 29B illustrates the forming of a blockshaped article A'having a central opening 0 therethrough, with the opening having aninterior downwardly facing surface S'. Accordingly, as in the article Ashown in FIG. 29A, in forming of the surface S' of the opening 0, if alaser beam LB' is directed to successive surface levels of a liquidmedium (not shown) at points corresponding to the downwardly facingsurface, because of the solidification depth penetration d' of the laserbeam, the upper half of the opening will be solidified along a brokenline L1', producing an error in the configuration of the formed articleA'. Accordingly, as in FIG. 29A, in forming the downwardly facingsurface S' of the opening 0, the laser beam LB' is programmed so that itis directed at points on successive surface levels of the liquid mediumwhich are the distance d' above the surface S', as illustrated by thebroken line L2'.

FIG. 30A shows an article A having one or more compound and/or reversecurved peripheral surfaces S, and FIG. 30B is a view of a coordinatenetwork for a portion of one of the curved compound curved surfaces,made up of coordinates C, which may be developed utilizing theabovementioned software of the Structure Dynamics Research Corporation.While the coordinates C are shown in the form of a grid which willdefine square-shaped facets on the surfaces S of the finished article A,other grid arrangements, such as triangular, rectangular or polygonal,may be used.

With reference to FIG. 30C, which represents a cross-sectional layer Lof the article A, in utilizing the thus-defined network of FIG. 30B informing the compound and/or reverse curved surfaces S of the article, inthe past a laser beam has been directed around the periphery of thelayer between successive ones of the coordinates C along straight-linepaths SP. As a result, a thus-formed peripheral portion of the layer L,instead of being a true curve or series of curves, is in the form of aseries of the interconnected straight-line paths SP, and the resultantcurved surfaces S actually are a series of essentially flat-facedfacets. This can be partially remedied by moving the coordinates Ccloser together, but this is disadvantageous for various reasons, suchas the additional coordinate computations and coordinate memory storagerequired.

Accordingly, referring to FIG. 30D, in accordance with the subjectinvention, instead of moving coordinates C' for an article layer L' ofan article A' closer together, the coordinates are selectively movedfurther apart, depending upon the sharpness of the curves being formed.The computer 168 then is programmed with artificial curve coordinatedata, corresponding to a desired curve portion CP between eachsuccessive pair of the coordinates C', which has been generated bysuitable software interpolation using various criteria stored in the CADstation 202, such as the known positions of each successive pair of thecoordinates C', positions of the coordinates in adjacent article layers,and radii of curvature between coordinates. During the solidifying ofthe article A', the computer 168 then directs the laser beam in shortstraight-line or curved paths along the artificially created curvedpaths CP, to form the article A' with essentially smooth flowing curvedsurfaces S'.

In summary, a new and improved method of and apparatus for forming asolid three-dimensional article 22, such as the articles 22a and 22b inFIGS. 18A and 18B, respectively, or the article 22" in FIG. 24, from aliquid medium 26, has been disclosed. The method and apparatus, asdisclosed in the first preferred embodiment of the invention shown inFIGS. 1-14, involves initially coating a layer of the liquid medium 26onto the apertured support plate 28 in the liquid medium container 24,as illustrated in FIG. 8. An initial cross-section or profile 166 of thearticle 22 then is formed by solidifying the liquid medium 26, asillustrated in FIG. 9, and the scanner head 54 is raised one increment.Next, the liquid level of the liquid medium 26 is raised by operation ofthe bellows 150, to form the meniscus 172 around the solidifiedcross-section or profile 166 of the article 22, as illustrated in FIG.10. Another coating of the liquid medium 26 then is applied to thesolidified cross-section or profile 166 of the article 22 within therecess defined by the meniscus 172, as shown in FIG. 11, causing themeniscus to break and the liquid medium layers 170 and 174 to merge, asshown in FIG. 12. A next cross-section or profile 176 of the article 22then is solidified by the scanning system 32, as illustrated in FIG. 13,and the scanner head 54 is again raised an additional increment. Thissequence of operations then is continued until all of the cross-sectionsor profiles of the article 22 being formed have been completed. Thescanning system 32 then may be raised to its upper "home" position bythe lift mechanism 44, and the drain valve 158 for the bellows 150opened to permit lowering of the liquid medium 26 in the container 24 toits lowermost "home" position, to permit access to the completed article22 and removal of the article from the apparatus 20.

In the second preferred embodiment of the invention, as shown in FIGS.19-24, which operates in essentially the same manner as the firstembodiment of the invention, each layer of the liquid medium 26" isproduced above the apertured fixed support plate 28" by dispensing theentire layer from the dispensing tube 70" in the container 24". Further,when the dispensing tube 70'" shown in FIGS. 25-27 is utilized, thesmall size of the dispensing apertures 108'" causes the tube to stopdispensing automatically in response to cessation of exerted pressure bythe liquid medium metering device 40", without the use of any other typeshut-off mechanism. The traversing of the dispensing tube 70'" closelyadjacent each previous liquid medium layer also enables the liquidmedium 26'" to be dispensed in a uniform, controlled manner as a resultof capillary action and surface tension.

As stated previously, the laser 50 is preferably a visible light laserand the liquid polymer 26 is one which hardens by such laser energy.Other type lasers can be substituted for the visible light laser withoutdeparting from the invention, such as a UV light laser, a Nd-Yag laseror a CO₂ laser, along with a compatible polymer. Other known types ofenergy sources, such as other forms of UV or visible light, invisiblelight, cathode ray tubes, electron beams, x-rays and other forms ofradiation and/or high energy beams may also be used in this invention.However, it is believed that a visible light laser is the preferredenergy source because visible light lasers generally provide more energyand thus are able to achieve better solidification and definition in thehardened layer, more quickly.

Referring to FIGS. 31-35, a liquid medium applicator or dispensingdevice 1010 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the inventionis shown and dispenses a liquid medium 1012 which is capable ofsolidification when subjected to prescribed energy in the forming of asolid three-dimensional article (not shown). The applicator 1010comprises an elongated rectangular element or coating bar member 1014 ofessentially solid, rectangular construction, and formed of a suitablemetal, such as stainless steel. While the bar member 1014 shown in thedrawings is rectangular in cross section, other shapes, such as squareand circular, can also be used.

Referring to FIGS. 31 and 32, adjacent its opposite ends the bar 1014 issuspended by support rods 1016 from a vertically movable andhorizontally reciprocable traversing mechanism (not shown), such aspreviously described. Further, the liquid medium 1012 (FIG. 35) is fedinto the bar 1014 by a rigid feed tube 1018 connected by a suitablecoupling 1020 and a flexible feed tube 1022 to a digital metering pump(also not shown), essentially as previously disclosed.

As is best shown in FIG. 32, the preferred rectangular applicator bar1014 is provided with a longitudinally extending passageway 1024 ofcircular cross-section, which is closed at its opposite ends byscrew-threaded plug members 1026 to define an internal liquid reservoir1024R in the bar. The bottom of the bar 1014 is provided with an arrayof liquid dispensing passageways in the form of circular apertures 1028arranged, preferably, in at least three rows, as shown in FIGS. 33 and34. The rigid feed tube 1018 is retained in the bar 1014 by screwthreads 10308 in a vertical central passageway 1030 (FIGS. 31, 32 and35) in which a discharge end of the rigid feed tube is screw-threadablymounted. The support rods 1016 are secured to the bar 1014 by lower endsof the rods being received in vertical passageways 1032 (FIG. 32) at theopposite ends of the bar, and by retaining screw members 1034screw-threadably mounted in horizontal passageways 1036 in opposite endsof the bar for engagement with the support rods. To avoid interferencewith associated superstructure (not shown), the left-hand support rod1016, as viewed in FIG. 32, is located further from its adjacent end ofthe bar 1014 than is the right-hand support rod, and the adjacent end ofthe bar is provided with an enlarged counter-drilled passageway 1036cfor receiving the associated screw 1034 for retaining the end of thesupport rod 1016.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention shown in FIGS. 31-35, inwhich the dispensing apertures 1028 of the applicator bar 1014 arearranged in three rows, as is best shown in FIG. 34, the apertures inthe outer two rows are aligned with one another, with the apertures inthe center row being offset with respect to the apertures in the outerrows. Thus, the apertures 1028 of the center row dispense liquid mediumin spaces between the apertures of the two outer rows, to provideuniform dispensing of the liquid medium in layers of uniform thicknessduring an article-forming operation. In this connection, FIG. 35illustrates the use of the liquid medium applicator bar 1014 in theforming of a layer 1036 of the liquid medium 1012. For this purpose, aswas previously disclosed, an apertured, horizontal rigid support plate1038 is mounted in a fixed position in a container (not shown) forholding the liquid medium 1012, and initially the liquid medium isdispensed into the container from the applicator bar. 1014 to fill thecontainer, including apertures 1038a in the support plate, to the top ofthe support plate. An initial liquid medium layer 1040 then is dispensedonto the rigid support plate 1038 by the applicator bar 1014, and adesired cross-section 1042 of the initial layer then is solidified bytraversing a laser beam, not shown, in a suitable pattern.

After the dispensing of the initial liquid medium layer 1040, andsolidifying the desired layer cross-section 1042, the application bar1014 is raised by a lifting mechanism (not shown) to locate the barabove the medium surface a distance D slightly greater than thethickness of the next layer 1036 to formed. The next medium layer 1036then is dispensed and, a portion of the layer 1036 is solidified by theabove-mentioned laser beam (not shown). This sequence of operations isrepeated until the three dimensional part or model (not shown) beingformed has been completed, or "grown". By spacing the bar 1014 above themedium layer a prescribed distance, the liquid medium 1012 can bedispensed in a uniform, controlled manner utilizing the capillary actionand the surface tension of the liquid medium. More specifically, withthe applicator bar 1014 disclosed in FIGS. 31-35, the liquid medium 1012is dispensed in the form of three rows of capillary columns to form aseries of sublayers (FIG. 35) of essentially uniform thickness. In thisarrangement, columns of one outer row become superimposed on the columnsof the other outer row, and the columns of the center row becomedisposed there between. As the sublayers engage one another, the surfacetension of the sublayers becomes broken to form the unitary liquid layer1036 of the desired thickness.

The distance D between the bottom of the dispensing bar 1014 and thesurface of the medium 1012 may vary depending upon other processvariables, such as the thickness of the layer to be formed. However, asa general guideline, for a layer thickness in the range of about 0.0017inch to about 0.020 inch, the distance D should be in a range of about0.025 inch to about 0.035 inch, as disclosed previously.

In the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 36, dispensingapertures 1028' in an applicable bar 1014' also are arranged in threerows, but the apertures in each row are offset with respect to theapertures in each of the other rows. Thus, the first three apertures1028' at one end of the applicator bar 1014' define a pattern whichcreates three longitudinally separated liquid medium dispensing paths asthe bar is traversed, with this same dispensing pattern being repeatedalong the length of the bar to its opposite end, thereby again providinga relatively uniform dispensing of the liquid medium 1012.

The number and size of the dispensing apertures 1028 and 1028' in thedispensing bars 1014 and 1014', as disclosed in FIGS. 34 and 36,respectively, may vary depending on other process variables, such as thethickness of the liquid medium layer (such as 1036 and 1040) to beformed, and the viscosity of the liquid medium 1012. In general,however, with reference to FIG. 34, in the forming of a liquid mediumlayer (such as 1036 and 1040) in the above-mentioned range on the orderof 0.0017 inch to 0.020 inch thick, the rows of the apertures 1028 maybe spaced apart a distance DR in a range of about 0.055 inch to about0.070 inch, with the apertures in each row spaced apart a distance DA ina range of about 0.090 inch to about 0.110 inch, an aperture diameter ina range of about 0.010 inch to 0.020 inch, and the apertures in thecenter row spaced longitudinally with respect to the apertures in theouter rows one half the distance DA, i.e., DA/2. Similarly, in theembodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 36, a same range for theaperture row spacing DR' may be used, with an aperture diameter in arange of about 0.010 inch to about 0.030 inch, and the apertures 1028'in each row spaced apart a distance DA' in a range of about 0.220 inchto about 0.230 inch. Each aperture 1028' in each row also may be spacedfrom the next aperture in the next row by one-third the distance DA',i.e., DA'/3, whereby successive apertures are equally spaced and offsetthe same distance from one another in a longitudinal direction.

With reference to the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 37, anapplicator bar 1014" is provided with dispensing passageways in the formof elongated slots 1028" inclined to the longitudinal axis of the bar atan angle A in a range of about 200 to about 300, with a width W of theslots being in a range of about 0.010 inch to about 0.020 inch, and witha slot overlap distance OD, as measured longitudinally along the bar, ina range on the order of 10%-20% of the longitudinal length SL of the barencompassed by each inclined slot. As a result, the liquid medium 1012is dispensed from the bar 1014" across the entire width thereof, toprovide an essentially uniform layer of the liquid medium, and to ensurecomplete coverage of each succeeding layer of the liquid medium, for thesolidifying operation.

In summary, a new and improved device 1010, for dispensing a liquidmedium 1012 in the form of thin uniform layers on top of the mediumsurface in a container or vat of a laser modeling machine, has beendisclosed. The device 1010 includes the rectangular applicator bar 1014of essentially solid construction, having the longitudinally extendingpassageway 1024 formed therethrough, to define an internal liquid mediumreservoir 1024R in the bar. The liquid medium 1012 is fed into thereservoir 1024R by a centrally located feed tube 1018 and is dispensedthrough a series of apertures 1028 in the bottom of the bar which are influid communication with the bar reservoir. The diameter, length, shapeand number of the apertures is selected with respect to the size andlength of the reservoir such that the liquid flow through each of theapertures is essentially uniform irrespective of an aperture's distancefrom the feed tube 1018, and no liquid medium is dispensed from the barwhen the feed pump is not operating. In other words, looking at FIGS. 32and 33, the liquid flow from an aperture near the end of the bar 1014 isessentially the same as the flow from an aperture at the bar center.Also, in order to get liquid to flow from the bar there must be apositive pressure from the metering pump.

While it is preferable that the feed tube 1018 be centrally positionedalong bar 1014, one or more feed tubes may be located at the ends of thebar. Depending on the length of the bar, it may be necessary to taperthe reservoir 1024R to ensure uniform flow from the apertures whendispensing the medium layer.

Further, the applicator bar of the present invention has been especiallydesigned for use in dispensing thin layers of medium uniformly over themedium surface in a model making vat of a laser modeling machine of thetype disclosed previously, especially the form shown in FIGS. 19-27. Thepreferred applicator has been found particularly useful for dispensingliquid medium comprising liquid resins in such laser modeling machineshaving viscosities up to 500 centipoise and as low as about 100centipoise. It is believed a more viscous and less viscous liquidmediums can be dispensed in applicators of the present invention forlaser modeling machines simply by varying the aperture and reservoirsizes and lengths. Very little experimentation should reveal theappropriate sizes and lengths.

Still further, it may be desirable to vary the distance D from which thebar is spaced above the medium surface as each new layer is dispensed,depending on the characteristics of the resin or other liquid mediumbeing dispensed. The distance D can vary so long as the requisitecapillary action and surface tension of the liquid maintain a continuouscurtain of liquid between the bottom of the applicator bar and the topsurface of the medium.

While the applicator of the present invention is especially designed forlaser modeling systems employing a fixed platform, it may be applicableto other systems, laser modeling and otherwise. It is thereforeunderstood that the foregoing description and accompanying drawings setforth the preferred embodiments of the invention at the present time.Various modifications, additions and alternative designs will, ofcourse, become apparent to those skilled in the art in light of theforegoing teachings without departing from the spirit and scope of thedisclosed invention. Thus, it should be appreciated that the inventionis not limited to the disclosed embodiments but may be practiced withinthe full scope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. Apparatus for forming a three-dimensional objectfrom successively solidified layers of a liquid medium solidifiable byapplication of a prescribed energy, the apparatus comprising:acontainer; a dispenser movable over a surface of a last-solidified layerto dispense the liquid medium for forming a fresh layer of the liquidmedium over the surface; an optical scanner for selectively applying theprescribed energy to the fresh layer to form the next solidified layerin accordance with a defined pattern; and a pump functionally connectedto the container to withdraw a quantity of the liquid medium therefromand functionally connected to the dispenser to feed a quantity ofwithdrawn liquid medium to the dispenser.
 2. The apparatus as claimed inclaim 1 wherein the dispenser comprises an elongated tube from whichliquid medium is dispensed.
 3. The apparatus as claimed in claim 2wherein the elongated tube includes a plurality of apertures from whichliquid medium is dispensed.
 4. The apparatus as claimed in claim 3wherein each aperture is sized to dispense liquid medium only whenpressure is applied to the liquid medium.
 5. The apparatus as claimed inclaim 1, wherein the pump is adapted to withdraw a known, metered,quantity of liquid medium from the container and to feed a known,metered, quantity of liquid medium to the dispenser.
 6. The apparatus asclaimed in claim 1, wherein the container further comprises a first partand a second part, wherein the article is formed in the first part andthe second part provides storage for a reservoir of the liquid medium,and wherein the pump is coupled to the second part, and wherein thefirst part and the second part being coupled by means operable to allowliquid medium to flow from the first part to the second part.
 7. Theapparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pump is a metering pump. 8.The apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the elongated tube includesan elongated slot from which the liquid medium is dispensed.
 9. Theapparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the elongated tube includes aplurality of apertures from which liquid medium is dispensed.
 10. Theapparatus as claimed in claim 9, wherein each aperture is sized todispense liquid medium only when pressure is applied to the liquidmedium.
 11. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 further comprising meansfor positioning the dispenser relative to the last-solidified layer suchthat the dispenser moves closely adjacent the last-solidified layer sothat the liquid medium is dispensed from the tube in a uniform,controlled manner by capillary action and surface tension.
 12. Theapparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the optical scanner includes alaser for generating the prescribed energy in the form of visible light.13. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the optical scannerincludes a laser for generating the prescribed energy in the form of UVradiation.
 14. Apparatus for forming a three-dimensional object fromsuccessively solidified layers of a liquid medium solidifiable byapplication of a prescribed energy, the apparatus comprising:a containerfor holding the liquid medium; means, movable over a surface of alast-solidified layer, for dispensing the liquid medium for forming afresh layer of the liquid medium over the surface; and means forselectively applying the prescribed energy to the fresh layer to formthe next solidified layer in accordance with a defined pattern; andmeans connected to the container to withdraw a quantity of the liquidmedium therefrom and connected to the dispenser to feed a quantity ofwithdrawn liquid medium to the dispenser.
 15. The apparatus as claimedin claim 14 wherein the means to withdraw and feed a quantity of liquidmedium is a metering pump.
 16. Apparatus for forming a solidthree-dimensional article from a liquid medium capable ofsolidification, including a first solidified cross section of the threedimensional object, when subjected to prescribed energy, whichcomprising:a container; a support in the container for supporting thethree-dimensional article being formed, relatively displaceable withrespect to the liquid level, such that the relative displacement resultsin the formation of a meniscus around the periphery of the firstcross-section; a horizontally reciprocating dispenser for coating asecond cross-section of the liquid medium directly onto the solidifiedfirst cross-section of the three-dimensional article so as to fill themeniscus with the liquid medium from above and so that the meniscussurrounding the solidified first cross-section is broken and the secondcross-section of the liquid medium and the liquid medium surrounding thesecond cross-section flow together; a scanner operative to selectivelysolidify the second cross-section of the liquid medium, to form a secondsolidified cross-section of the three-dimensional article; and acomputer programmed to repetitively form the meniscus, reciprocate thedispenser and operate the scanner to form the three-dimensional article.17. The apparatus as claimed in claim 16 wherein the support is a fixedsupport.
 18. Apparatus for forming a three-dimensional article from aliquid medium capable of solidification when subjected to prescribedenergy, which comprises:a container; a support to support the articlebeing formed; a dispenser for dispensing liquid medium from above thethree-dimensional article being made; a pump for intermittentlywithdrawing a portion of the liquid medium from a lower portion of thecontainer below the support and feeding the liquid medium to thedispenser; a scanner for directing the energy onto the liquid medium, toform a cross-sectional portion of the three-dimensional article; acomputer programmed to operate the dispenser, pump and scanner to formthe three-dimensional article from a plurality of solidifiedcross-sections.
 19. The apparatus as claimed in claim 18 wherein thesupport is a fixed support.
 20. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1,wherein the dispenser is essentially solid in construction and furthercomprises:an elongated passageway, longitudinally formed therethrough,to define a liquid reservoir; means at opposite ends of the dispenserfor supporting the dispenser on a traversing mechanism; means in thedispenser for receiving incoming liquid resin and extending through thedispenser into the liquid resin reservoir; wherein the liquid resinreservoir is located adjacent the dispensing side of the bar, and theresin receiving means and the device support means located adjacent anopposite side of the bar; and apertures extending in a plurality oflongitudinal rows, wherein at least one row of apertures is offsetlongitudinally from a second row of apertures.